Tag: Gender balance

Job sharing in the South West – meet, learn and connect

Author sarahcawthra | Posted on

By Chathushka Kiriella

On 21st January 2026 the Job Share South West (JSSW) inaugural event brought together leaders, managers and researchers to explore the potential of job sharing. Organised by Clare Freshwater-Turner and Annabelle Richards from Lloyds Banking Group and Sarah Houghton and Louise Cuthberston from BT Group, the event, held at the Lloyds Banking Group Harbourside Office, offered a combination of academic insight, real-world experience and practical discussions culminating in a networking breakout session that fostered connections and community building.

Opening with a warm welcome from Annabelle Richards and Clare Freshwater-Turner who introduced the keynote speaker Professor Susan Durbin from the College of Business and Law, University of the West of England (UWE). Drawing upon her specialisms in gender, employment and women’s careers in male-dominated industries Professor Durbin presented her findings on part-time work, flexible working and job share partnerships (JSPs).

This research conducted by Professor Durbin and Stella Warren (UWE) and Professor Jennifer Tomlinson, Leeds Business School, focused upon senior level men and women who job share (although male participation in job sharing remains low). It demonstrated that the outcomes of JSPs are similar for men and women. It also highlighted the significant benefits for those who engage in JSPs including improved work-life balance with alternating work patterns enabling flexibility without sacrificing productivity; high levels of job satisfaction compared with part-time working and a strong sense of achievement amongst participants in the study. Importantly career progression was found not to be negatively impacted by JSPs. Key to the success of JSPs was trust, partnership, collaboration and friendship between job sharers.

Notable challenges to JSPs were that employers appear reluctant to embrace this way of working due to JSPs often operating on slightly over full-time contract hours. However Professor Durbin argued that rather than seeing this as a cost employers should recognise the ‘value for money’ when two highly skilled and experienced senior managers come together to work in a JSP. She also argued for the significant benefits when those in JSPs are able to maintain a work-life balance and thus give their ‘whole selves’ when they are at work. Professor Durbin also reflected upon the need to conduct a larger study to include more men in order to identify any potential gender differences in the experiences and perceptions of JSPs and to consider the potential pitfalls of JSPs from both the employer and employee perspectives.

Presentations at the Jobshare Network inaugural event

The presentation by Professor Durbin concluded with a thoughtful Q&A session where the audience explored the practical realities of job sharing in more depth. Questions focused on how job share partners navigate change together particularly during periods of job share partner promotions and how alignment and communication can be maintained as a pair. Attendees also asked about the benefits and challenges of job sharing from an employer’s perspective including productivity, continuity and management perceptions. Another area of interest was whether generational differences between job sharers create challenges with discussion around how differing experiences, working styles and expectations can be addressed through trust, openness and clear ways of working.

The subsequent panel discussion hosted by Louise and Sarah featuring leaders with direct experience of JSPs and managing JSPs included Justin Jennings, Head of Finance at Lloyds Banking Group; Racheal Nash a job-sharing Business Support Manager at Lloyds Banking Group; Zak Mensah Co-Chief Executive of Birmingham Museum Trust; and Katherine Carr, Director of Strategy and Corporate Affairs at the National Armaments Director Group (Job Share) and Ministry of Defence (Job share).

The discussion explored how JSPs work in senior roles and highlighted recurring themes of the importance of trust, establishing a shared way of working and complementary skills in the JSP. The hardest part was believed to be at the start of a JSP, one panel member expressing ‘Once you can say, “We’ve done it, it worked, we proved it, you can overcome many barriers.”’ The panel also spoke of the initial scepticism towards JSPs from colleagues or members of the board and that this is ‘normal’. One panellist recalled how the board had initially questioned the JSP she was in regarding who from the JSP would attend board meetings but after two or three sessions the attendance by one or other of the JSP was fully accepted.

A key takeaway from the panel was that visibility of JSPs matters. Panellists encouraged those in JSPs to role-model the arrangement at all levels. As one panellist commented:

“Whatever level you’re at, if you’re in a job share, tell people, be visible, role model it.”

It was emphasised that educating colleagues about JSPs is essential to building organisational acceptance.

Work-life balance was another recurring theme for panellists who described how managing non-working days required adaptation but ultimately provided freedom and focus. One participant explained how job sharing had changed the ways she had previously worked on a part-time basis as she was always playing ‘catch up’ on her two non-workdays. She said ‘My time and energy were spent managing, not leading; job sharing changed that completely.’ Maintaining a consistent rhythm, clear handovers and shared communication channels were cited as key strategies for making JSPs seamless.

Another important insight was the power of complementary skills. Panellists explained that successful JSPs often thrive when partners bring different strengths: “One of us is more analytical, the other more creative. Together it’s stronger than either of us alone.” These dynamics allowed job sharers to cover each other’s blind spots, celebrate successes together and reduce managerial oversight.

The panel also challenged the common stereotype that job sharing is primarily for those with childcare responsibilities. Job sharing was framed instead as a leadership strategy enabling senior talent to thrive sustainably while bringing fresh perspectives to their organisations.

“People always assume a job share is because of childcare. There’s no reason why more people can’t do job shares at any stage of life.”

The event concluded with a ‘Chat & Connect’ breakout session led by Louise, Sarah, Clare and Annabelle where participants shared experiences, discussed tools and tips and explored ways to expand job share opportunities. The importance of community, mentoring and peer support was emphasised as central to making job sharing a sustainable mainstream approach: “Once people see it working, the questions stop,” noted one participant.

Key takeaways from the event included the importance of trust, role modelling, complementary skills, consistent rhythms and visibility. Work-life balance, career progression and job satisfaction were all achievable through job sharing while the challenges such as handovers, continuity and organisational culture could be mitigated through careful planning and communication.

The Job Share SW inaugural event highlighted the growing momentum behind job sharing as a sustainable and effective way of working. Through academic research, lived experience and open discussion the event reinforced that job sharing thrives when built on trust, visibility and strong collaboration and that it can support career progression, wellbeing and organisational resilience at all levels. The event received an average feedback score of 4.9 out of 5 reflecting the strong engagement and positive response from attendees. In particular participants highlighted the value of community and the opportunity to connect with others navigating similar experiences.

The Job Share SW inaugural event demonstrated that job sharing is far more than a flexible working arrangement. It is a powerful strategy for sustainable, inclusive and resilient leadership

By embracing collaboration, trust and complementary strengths senior roles can become accessible and effective for a wider range of people helping organisations thrive in an evolving workplace.

Looking ahead the collaboration between the Job Share Network South West and the University of the West of England marks an exciting next phase. We are delighted to announce that Professor Susan Durbin and Chathushka Kiriella (UWE) have been awarded Higher Education Innovation Funding to work with industry partners to develop this network. The aim is to reach further into the South West of England to enhance the knowledge exchange and impact activities currently centred in Bristol. This will involve setting up a regional workshop bringing together employers, academics, practitioners and policymakers to explore how to mainstream JSPs and identify key enablers and challenges (e.g. recruitment, workload balance, governance, dual site roles). It will also enable us to explore the feasibility of a regional job share register to expand access, improve sustainability and support long term impact.

Breaking barriers: what HR professionals need to know about disabled students and placements

Author sarahcawthra | Posted on

By Dr Hilary Lowe

Placements are a key part of employability in higher education. They give students real world experience and help employers spot future talent. However, for disabled students, placements can involve barriers that are not always visible.

In a recent systematic literature review co-authored with Dr Laura William from the University of Greenwich and published in Studies in Higher Education1, we explored these challenges in detail. In this blog post, we focus on what the findings mean for HR professionals and placement providers and why inclusive pathways into work matter.

Why building awareness of disability and placements matters for HR and workforce planning

Many employers use placements to build talent pipelines and assess potential recruits. Yet there remains a 27.9 percent employment gap between disabled and non disabled people, alongside widening pay gaps. These inequalities often begin long before formal recruitment.

Placements are frequently a student’s first interaction with an employer. This makes HR teams central to shaping experiences that can influence confidence, skills development and long term career outcomes. Inclusive placements are therefore not just beneficial for students, they are critical for fair workforce planning.

Four key barriers HR should address

Our review of the existing literature identified four connected themes that affect disabled students’ access to and experiences of placements.

1. Organisational processes and systems: The most significant barrier is the lack of timely and effective reasonable adjustments. While the Equality Act 2010 places a legal duty on employers to remove barriers, this duty is often reactive and poorly understood.

Students describe delays, inconsistent support and anxiety about disclosing a disability. For HR professionals, this points to the importance of proactive policies, clear communication and training for managers so adjustments are put in place quickly and confidently.

2. Low expectations: Disabled students often face assumptions about what they can or cannot do. These low expectations can damage confidence and limit opportunities to learn and progress.

Employers who underestimate students’ potential risk missing out on skilled and motivated talent. HR professionals can help by challenging bias, promoting inclusive recruitment practices and designing placements that focus on strengths rather than perceived limitations.

3. Bio-social factors: Many students manage health related needs alongside placement demands. Balancing work and impairment can be particularly difficult when placements are inflexible.

Rigid schedules and limited understanding from supervisors can make challenges worse. HR teams can reduce these pressures by supporting flexible working, enabling access to healthcare where possible and recognising that disability often intersects with factors such as gender, age or cultural background.

4. The nature of the placement: Some placements involve poorly defined tasks, pressure to over perform or feelings of isolation. These conditions can be especially challenging for disabled students.

Inclusive placement design can make a significant difference. This includes meaningful tasks, clear expectations and visible support networks. When placements are well structured, both students and employers benefit.

Implications for HR practice

These barriers reflect wider patterns of disablism in the labour market. For HR professionals, the message is clear. Inclusive placement practices are not only about legal compliance, they are a strategic priority.

By building accessibility and equity into early career programmes, organisations can reach a wider talent pool, improve diversity and strengthen their reputation as inclusive employers.

Our next steps: empirical research

Before starting the systematic review, we established an Advisory Group that brought together placement officers, academics and employer representatives. This helped ensure the research was grounded in practical experience and informed by different perspectives.

As we move into the next phase of our research, we will continue working with this group to gather lived experiences from disabled students and placement providers. This collaborative approach will allow future recommendations to reflect real world insights and support the development of HR policies, employer training and inclusive placement design.

  1. Read the full article here:
    William, L., & Lowe, H. (2025). Barriers and challenges for disabled students when engaging with non-compulsory placements: a systematic literature review. Studies in Higher Education, 1–16.     ↩︎

Empowering Change Across Borders: The HR, Work and Employment (HRWE) Group’s  International Women’s Day Celebrations 

Author ripleywk | Posted on

By Chathushka Kiriella, Tinkuma Edafioghor, Vanda Papafilippou and Susan Durbin 

The last couple of weeks have been an incredibly busy and productive time for for HRWE group members as we celebrated International Women’s Day with a series of inspiring events. We wanted to share what we have been doing to Inspire Inclusion and Accelerate Action, the theme of this year’s International Women’s Day and one that resonates with us all as we continue to address gender inequalities and to celebrate women’s achievements and actions.  

The celebrations began within the University with a ‘pledge campaign’ where we asked staff and students to commit to how they would promote gender equality and to reaffirm their commitment to fostering gender inclusivity. Midweek, we hosted an international women’s day celebration event featuring powerful speeches from influential leaders, highlighting the importance of diversity in the workplace. Our activities then turned externally  to an event in London, hosted by the Royal Aeronautical Society’s Women in Aviation, Aerospace and Space Committee, highlighted and honouring the achievements of women in the industry; and a further event in Paris, France, hosted by the Royal Aeronautical Society’s Paris Branch, where we engaged with more incredible women from the aviation sector, sharing experiences and discussing ways to drive inclusive change. These events provided an excellent platform for networking, learning, and celebrating progress toward gender equality. In this blog, we will take a closer look at each event, sharing key moments and takeaways from this inspiring celebration. 

Vanda standing with Andrew Simpson ''Together we can forge Woman's Equality''

To celebrate International Women’s Day, Dr. Vanda Papafilippou and Ms. Chathushka Kiriella organised an interactive event aimed at promoting gender equality and inclusivity within the College of Business and Law (CBL) and wider University of the West of England (UWE Bristol) community. Staff and students participated by adding their personal pledges for gender equality to notice boards in the Atrium area. Organising such an event was crucial for several reasons: it made International Women’s Day more relevant by actively engaging staff and students, prompting them to reflect on their own experiences and the importance of gender equality in their personal and professional lives, and creating a space for open discussions about gender equality. By gathering pledges, the event provided tangible evidence of our community’s commitment to gender equality, which will inform future actions and initiatives, including our Athena SWAN application. 

Many pledges emphasised the importance of supporting gender equality in all areas: workplace, home, and community, highlighting that “the future is dependent on the continued development of gender equality” and that “women should not feel their gender is a barrier to work or education”. Staff and students expressed their commitment to empowering and supporting women and trans women in their personal and professional lives, saying “I pledge to support all women in work and home life,” “I pledge to continue to promote gender equality in my life and my teaching”.  Recognising and celebrating women’s achievements was also a key theme, highlighted by pledges such as “I pledge to make time to celebrate all women’s achievements”. Many pledges also called for active advocacy and taking action to promote gender equality with commitments like “I pledge to raise my voice,” “speak more about it encourage more open talks” and “I pledge to support our amazing UWE female students advocating for themselves and stand up when facing any sort of injustice or devaluing behaviour”. Finally, a great number of participants focused on the need for “equal pay, promotion, career opportunities for everyone” pledging to mentor colleagues and enabling them to reach their full potential. 

Midweek on March 5th, HRWE group members gathered to celebrate International Women’s Day (IWD) in their own unique style at Bristol Business School, UWE. A ‘grand potluck’ was organized, featuring a themed cake. The event began with a welcome speech by Chathushka Kiriella, who emphasized the importance of accelerating action—both in the workplace and in personal life. Whether big or small, committing to action was a key takeaway from her speech. The group lead, Professor Susan Durbin, then addressed the gathering, highlighting the significance of celebrating women and their contributions. 

The event featured three inspiring talks by Dr. Vanda Papafilippou, Dr. Tinkuma Edafioghor, and Dr. Stefano Gasparri. Dr. Papafilippou discussed UWE Bristol Business School’s application for the Athena Swan award and shared key insights into gender equality initiatives at UWE Bristol. Dr. Edafioghor shared her personal experience with the 100 Black Professors Scheme, highlighting the invaluable support she had received as a mentee. Her speech was deeply inspiring and underscored the importance of strong support networks for women. Dr. Gasparri spoke about the crucial role men must play in shifting from bystanders to “man-allies” in protecting women from sexual harassment, sharing key findings from his recent research. The event was filled with inspiration, empowerment, and a strong sense of community. 

The IWD celebrations then expanded to London, where Professor. Susan Durbin, Dr. Tinkuma Edafioghor, and Ms Chathushka Kiriella attended the International Women’s Day event organized by the women in Aviation, Aerospace and Space Committee, Royal Aeronautical Society, London. The event featured inspiring talks by women leaders, panel discussions, and networking sessions. The event was opened by Christine Matthews, WAASC Chair, with a welcome speech from Sameer Savani, GKN, who sponsored the event. Speakers included, Celia Pelaz, COO and Theresa Condor, CEO At Spire Global. There was also a panel event on ‘Voices of the Future” with Maleha Khan, UK Space Agency, Alice Goodwin, Virgin Atlantic and Janine Hornsby, CEO – Air League. The keynote speech was delivered by Former Boeing VP Pam Valdez, who shared the incredible journey of Hedy Lamarr as an inventor—an inspiring story to hear on International Women’s Day. The day rounded off with Professor Susan Durbin presenting on  ‘women’s safety at work’ with Kathleen Lowe, COO, Force Air Defence and Judith Milne, Little Blue Private Jets Limited. The importance of mentoring in this highly male-dominated sector was a theme throughout the day, the alta mentoring platform  being highlited and promoted by the UWE team.  

The final event, sponsored by the University of the West of England and run in parallel with the London event, was the Royal Aeronauticial Society’s Paris Branch IWD event, on 11th March, 2025. The event was base upon an expert panel of six women leaders from the aviation industry, with a focus on actions to improve gender diversity and inclusion and advice from panel members’ experiences of what does and does not work to achieve this. The panel, moderated by Carine Petitdemange, Logix Aero, comprised Yannick Assouad, Thales, Judith Milne, Eastwinds Resort, Anne-Segolene Abscheidt, IPSA, Ann-Marie Matheus Ochoa, Eutelsat and Space women Alliance, Claire Barcham, UK Space Agency and Professor Susan Durbin, UWE. The event was opened by the Branch Chair (David Cooke) and an introduction by Dr Susanne Svensdotter.  

The panel discussed key challenges, including the decline in STEM participation due to educational reforms in France and the importance of fostering interest in STEM from an early age, with parents playing a key role. Panellists emphasised the importance of creating supportive communities, promoting mentorship, and addressing barriers such as visa restrictions and language challenges for international female talents. They critiqued superficial diversity policies, advocating for meaningful cultural change, inclusive language, and environments where women succeed on merit, not quotas. Reverse mentorship was suggested to challenge traditional perspectives, and the importance of diverse career paths beyond engineering — such as HR and data analysis — was highlighted. Intersectionality and microaggressions were acknowledged as significant hurdles for women from diverse backgrounds, with advice to leverage networks and speak out against inappropriate behaviours. David Cooke closed the event with a powerful statement: “The future of humanity is in the hands of women,” leaving attendees inspired to drive lasting change in the industry. 

UWE Comets Cheerleading team posing ''Together we can forge Woman's equality''

The past few weeks of International Women’s Day celebrations have been a testament to the power of collective action in promoting gender equality and inclusivity. From pledge campaigns and interactive discussions to thought-provoking speeches and global networking events, the HRWE group has played a pivotal role in fostering dialogue and inspiring change. The celebrations in Bristol, London, and Paris have provided valuable platforms for sharing experiences, advocating for systemic progress, and emphasizing the importance of mentorship and community support. As we reflect on these impactful events, it is clear that the journey toward gender equality requires continuous effort, collaboration, and commitment. By championing these conversations and supporting one another, we can continue to break barriers and create a more inclusive future for all. 

Formidable Females in Future Flight: Inspiring women through my podcast series 

Author ripleywk | Posted on

Jo Moses, Founder of Berello

Jo is the founder of Berello, with over 20 years of experience in recruitment and executive search specialising in Aviation, and aerospace, life sciences and pharma, B2B Tech and service, retail and consumer and the public sector.

Known for her dedication to exceptional service, she believes in going above and beyond to serve both clients and candidates throughout the recruitment process. Her approach centres on deep understanding and clear communication, helping both parties connect more effectively

Berello work with companies making a positive impact in the world. They begin every search holistically as to find the best possible talent . They are meticulous in their research to uncover the person that will make the difference for the organisations they work with. 

Jo’s Story

Hiring within the space and aerospace sector, I have found a fabulous and sincere community of individuals. Professionals in this sector are often driven by curiosity and a desire to advance technology, pushing at the boundaries of what is possible, while maintaining an absolute “safety first” culture. They are often very loyal to the projects and companies they are working within and it is usual for individuals to work for the same company for many years. This is one of the reasons, I believe, that organisational cultures can seem to evolve quite slowly, particularly in larger companies.   

This sector boasts some of the largest corporations in the world, their incredible histories and technologies drawing many enquiring minds to join them. The size of these companies, their histories and lengthy individual tenures, seem to combine to create almost indelible organisational cultures. In my view this brings many great advantages, together with some limitations.

One limitation I have noticed is the very low level of gender diversity, particularly in technical leadership roles. It is still relatively uncommon to find a female Chief Engineer or Chief Technology Officer. This is changing and there are many spectacular examples of female leaders, just a lot fewer than men. 

Woman figure in recording studio. On air sign lit to signify recording.

I was inspired to launch my podcast series “Formidable Females in Future Flight” while delivering a search for a role where the talent pool was almost exclusively male. This was not at all to discredit any of these wonderful men, just to highlight more female role models. As we often say within the Royal Aeronautical Society Women in Aviation, Aerospace and Space Committee, “you can’t be what you can’t see”. 

Through my podcast series, I have been privileged to meet inspiring women from all around the world and from many different companies. I always like to ask the guest speaker about what drew them to this sector and their career choice. Interestingly, anyone who consciously chose engineering or other technical roles as their path, seems to have one thing in common, and that is the importance of early inspiration.

It is well documented that girls often self-select away from STEM subjects as soon as they have the chance. By the same token, many of the women I have met, through my podcast series, were inspired by a what they felt was a profound experience as a much younger child (primary/elementary or even pre-school age.) This has included visiting an airshow, living on a flight path or close to an air base, going in a flight simulator with Granddad, sitting with their uncle to watch aircraft, following in the footsteps of family members, etc. They can be relatively simple experiences, but they have changed the whole course of someone’s life. I was keen to capture some of these stories in order to further encourage and empower women to pursue and build their careers in these fabulous sectors. 

Please enjoy this snippet video that captures some of the exciting stories shared with me.

For more information on the work Jo Moses does you can find her Podcast, Formidable Females in Flight here or information on her work in Belrello here.

Invisible Work on Maternity Leave: How the Covid Pandemic intensified and exposed the unpaid work of Mothers

Author ripleywk | Posted on

Dr Jenna Pandeli, Dr Chloe Tarrabain and Dr Mahwish Khan

In this blog, we draw upon our own research that explored the experiences of new mothers on maternity leave during the pandemic. We unravel the immense layers of unpaid work that mothers undertake and define this as ‘Invisible Work’. Our work aids understanding of the complex layers of emotion work, physical work, and mental load that women are expected to undertake during maternity leave.

What is Invisible Work?

The term ‘Invisible Work’ was developed by feminist academic Arlene Kaplan Daniels (1987) to describe women’s unpaid labour, such as housework and volunteer work. The concept has since been expanded and used to describe lots of different types of work (not just ‘women’s work’); work that is not valued economically, legally, culturally and work that is socially marginalized, physically out of sight or some combination thereof (Hatton, 2017). Invisible Work is unseen, unacknowledged and neither defined nor recognized or compensated as labour (Kaplan, 2022). Examples of Invisible Work have included prison labour (Pandeli et al, 2019), ‘dirty work’ (Duffy, 2007; Simpson et al., 2012), sex work (Kotiswaran, 2011), student internships (Hatton, 2017), emotion work and so on. Essentially, Invisible Work is being undertaken everywhere, but because this type of work is hidden in some shape or form, this obscures the fact that work is being performed and therefore this contributes to its economic devaluation.

So, what does ‘Invisible Work’ have to do with maternity leave and the pandemic?

For families, the pandemic meant a collapse of the boundaries between public and private space, where work, childcare and personal time all happened within the home. Research on parenting during the pandemic shows how the lack of separation between these spaces impacted mothers in a more pronounced way than fathers. Findings suggest that mothers experienced far greater anxieties and a greater sense of responsibility for their child’s safety (Ben Yaakov and Ben-Ari, 2021) often assuming accountability for making decisions and warding off the virus (Dutta et al., 2020; Kelly and Senior, 2021), and had an increased mental load (Dean et al. 2021; Kelly and Senior, 2021) than their male counterparts. Maternity leave makes this collapse of boundaries more extreme. Women having babies and taking maternity are removed from the economic labour market and confined to the domestic space. Without respite through social interaction, family and professional support, these women sat at the sharp end of the Covid pandemic. They were completing vast layers of unpaid work – emotional, physical and mental.

Dr Jenna Pandeli, Dr Chloe Tarrabain and Dr Mahwish Khan, all researchers at the University of the West of England gave birth (each to their first child) during the lockdowns of the global pandemic in 2020. Their experiences were understandably distressing, emotional and painful. On returning to work, they joked that they felt like they were ‘on holiday’ – being back at work felt like a holiday, which really made them realise that they had undertaken real, sweated labour while on maternity leave…exhausting, stressful and all-consuming labour…If their (professional, stressful, busy) paid jobs felt like relief/a break, what the hell had they been doing on maternity leave!? As a result, they undertook research, using their own experiences as well as interviewing 13 women who had given birth in 2020 to gain a deeper understanding of the type of work they were undertaking whilst on maternity leave in a pandemic.

What type of work were mothers undertaking on maternity leave in the pandemic?

Their research found that new mothers were undertaking significant layers of work during their maternity leave in the pandemic that included such things as:

  • Managing the expectations of maternity leave versus the reality of their experiences
  • Struggling to be heard and advocate for themselves in the absence of support
  • Managing safety, fear, and risk to keep themselves and their babies safe during the pandemic
  • Managing boredom, monotony, and loneliness due to isolation, restrictions, lockdown, and the confinement of motherhood more generally
  • Managing the relentlessness of caring for a baby whilst never being able to ‘switch off’
  • Managing and worrying about societal expectations of being the ‘ideal mother’

The Covid-19 pandemic dramatically altered the expectations and experiences of mothers during their maternity leave; adjusting to these changes and managing their expectations took its toll. Initially anticipating a period of bonding and shared joy, many women found themselves isolated, with limited social interactions and a sense of stolen moments. The absence of crucial social support networks left mothers mourning the maternity leave they had envisioned. The emotional and mental work needed to manage these expectations was often overlooked.

Many mothers felt that their experiences were devalued, leading to feelings of abandonment and disempowerment. Without adequate professional and social support, they had to navigate complex healthcare decisions and the challenges of early motherhood largely on their own, often feeling dismissed. They encountered the usual trope of being considered overly emotional, irrational, and hysterical. Their struggles were not treated as legitimate, and they were forced to ‘just get on with it’ at every stage. Fielding-Singh and Dmowska (2022) have shown us that women experience gaslighting during pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum; their realities are denied and thereby destabilized; mothers are rendered non-credible, and their experiences are not taken seriously. Even large organisations are now starting to acknowledge gender bias in healthcare and pain (See Nurofen’s recent ‘See My Pain’ Campaign here: See My Pain | Nurofen). Therefore, women were forced to undertake intense amounts of labour in order to advocate for themselves and their children during this time, and ensure their voices were heard.

Balancing the risks posed by the pandemic with their emotional wellbeing became a complex challenge for many mothers on maternity leave during this time. The lifting of restrictions introduced new fears and anxieties e.g. ‘Restrictions have eased but is it actually safe to go out?’ or ‘I had planned to meet a friend outside for coffee, but she has been in contact with someone who has covid – should I cancel plans?’ Constantly having to make these decisions with limited information, not only for themselves but also to protect their baby only added to their emotional burden and decision fatigue.

Additionally, loneliness and monotony became prominent features of maternity leave during covid as the absence of social support intensified feelings of isolation. Women had to form networks, reach out, socialise while physically and mentally exhausted in order to manage their mental health on maternity leave. Organising coffee meetups or play dates with the added pressure or masks, navigating lockdown rules and restrictions, lateral flow tests etc. was challenging and exhausting, albeit necessary for survival.

Mothers felt immense, relentless pressure to meet unrealistic expectations of being the ‘perfect’ mum, which was exacerbated by the lack of social support, resulting in feelings of exhaustion, guilt, shame, and a distorted sense of self-worth. Society tells us:

“You must feed your child healthy, home-cooked food, but you must still make time to play with them, you must not use screen time, but you must ensure your home is always clean. You must be a calm and gentle parent, but you must parent without support. You cannot use soothers, but your child must nap independently…. actually, don’t let your child nap independently enjoy this time together and have contact naps. You should breastfeed but not for too long. You should go back to work after your maternity leave, but if you do go back, you are neglecting your child. You must ensure you have some ‘me time’ but only after everyone else in your household is sorted and your chores are done. Motherhood is a blessing, and you must enjoy every minute so please don’t complain…. oh, and by the way, when are you going to have another child?’

These are the constant messages, often conflicting and confusing, that women are bombarded with on a daily basis. Mothers are expected to strike exactly the right balance in all areas of their child’s life and development and are considered failures if they can’t meet these impossible expectations, whilst isolated and doing it all alone. Inevitably, this pressure leads to burnout for many mothers.

These are just a handful of examples of the emotional, physical, and mental work taking place whilst on maternity leave and well into motherhood.

What does this tell us about maternity leave more generally? are these experiences only relevant to the pandemic?

Overall, the research argues that these experiences are not necessarily unique to the pandemic, instead what was discovered was the Invisible Work of maternity leave more generally. The pandemic allowed us to see more clearly the work that new mothers were forced to undertake whilst on maternity leave. Covid-19 exacerbated the difficult experiences of motherhood, isolating mothers, removing support, and pushing Invisible Work to an almost unbearable extreme. But we can learn from these experiences as we can now see more clearly the multiple layers of work being undertaken on maternity leave.

You can find out more about this research, read the full report and see the recommendations we make to organisations, policymakers and families going forward here. Please get in touch with Jenna Pandeli if you would like to know more.

References

Ben-Yaakov, O. and Ben-Ari, O.T (2022) Covid-19-Related anxieties and parenting stress among first-time mothers and fathers in their first year of parenthood. Psychology & Health, 37(11),1327-1341.

Dean, L., Churchill, B., & Ruppanner, L (2021) The mental load: building a deeper theoretical understanding of how cognitive and emotional labor overload women and mothers. Community, Work & Family, 25(1), 13-29.

Duffy M (2007) Doing the dirty work: gender, race, and reproductive labor in historical perspective. Gender & Society, 21(3): 313–36.

Dutta, M., Agarwal, D., & Sivakami, M. (2020 The “invisible” among the marginalised: Do gender and intersectionality matter in the Covid-19 response. Indian Journal of Medical Ethics, 5(4), 302-308.

Fielding-Singh, P. & Dmowska, A (2022) Obstetric gaslighting and the denial of mothers’ realities. Social Science & Medicine, 301: 1-8.

Hatton, Erin (2017). Mechanisms of invisibility: rethinking the concept of Invisible Work. Work, Employment and Society, 31(2): 336–351.

Kaplan Daniels, Arlene (1987). Invisible Work. Social Problems, 34(5): 403–415.

Kaplan, Amit (2022). ‘Just Let it Pass by and it Will Fall on Some Woman’: Invisible Work in the Labor Market. Gender & Society, 36(6): 838-868.

Kelly, S., & Senior, A (2021) Towards a feminist parental ethics. Gender, Work & Organization, 28(2): 807-825.

Kotiswaran P (2011) Dangerous Sex, Invisible Labor: Sex Work and the Law in India. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Pandeli, J., Marinetto, M. and Jenkins, J., 2019. Captive in cycles of invisibility? Prisoners’ work for the private sector. Work, Employment and Society, 33(4): 596-612.

Simpson R, Slutskaya N, Lewis P, Höpfl H (eds) (2012) Dirty Work: Concepts and Identities. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Studying at Soft Play: Giving Student Parents in HE a Voice

Author ripleywk | Posted on

Stress in students is well-documented in the literature as having negative effects on cognitive, emotional and physical health.  We’re all aware of the great stress most of our students are under, juggling paid work with university work, the ever-rising cost of living, negotiating personal relationships and trying to carve out time for a social life.  But add into the mix, the challenges associated with being a parent, and the stress triggers are amplified.  This blog post by Dr Hilary Drew discusses a new research project, in collaboration with Cardiff Metropolitan and Aberystwyth universities, investigating how students, who are also parents, juggle the demands of family, university work and sometimes paid work and how their ability to complete their chosen programme of study is affected.

What do we know?

Student parents in Higher Education (HE) are not a new phenomenon. Widening participation strategies since the late 1990s have deliberately targeted mature students, a demographic more likely to have caring responsibilities for dependent children than the under-21s (Brooks, 2012).  We know that student parents typically come from disadvantaged socio-economic backgrounds and may experience intersectional inequality due to class, gender, disability or ethnicity (Moreau, 2016; Arday, 2017).  Furthermore, in latter years, the number of international students, especially at postgraduate level, has increased. Many of these students are also likely to have dependents, as highlighted by changes to student visa requirements from January 2024, impacting students with dependents.

Whilst we can estimate that there has been an increase in the number of students who fall into the category of being most likely to have parental responsibilities, there are no exact figures available. This is not surprising, as there is no requirement to collect data about student parents, either at institutional or national level.  The Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA) does not require that universities collect data on caring responsibilities, and many universities do not systematically collect information on student parents.

Hidden Figures

In our provisional enquiries here; at UWE Bristol, we contacted a number of different services across the university to find out whether or not our institution collects any data on student parents, as well as to ascertain the extent to which students with dependents are visible at UWE Bristol.  However, in line with the literature, and in common with the findings of the two other institutions in our research project, we were unable to piece together a conclusive picture of student parents at our institution.  Nevertheless, many student-facing services admitted that more information about student parents would assist them greatly in designing and delivering more targeted support and other initiatives.

Our enquiries about student parents bounced around the university; for example, we were directed to the Student Advice Team, as they support students facing both personal and academic challenges. We were recommended to contact Halley Nursery, but obviously this did not give us a full picture, because students can use other childcare services.  We also spoke to Student Money Services as students may access the Enhanced Childcare Bursary, amongst other university service providers.  Evidently, a further obstacle in obtaining this information is GDPR issues, as services are not able to share sensitive data on individual students and there is no central system where all the different pieces of information about students are captured.

‘That’ Gap

The conflicting demands of being a student and a parent are already well-documented in the literature, as well as, in some cases, undertaking paid work. It is widely reported that balancing parenting and academic work requires careful planning, in contrast with the widespread assumption that students’ lifestyles are hedonistic (Hodge, 2002). Moreover, unequal gender responsibilities at home, which we see elsewhere in society, also play a role here (Connell 2013; Osborne et al., 2004). Student-mothers report needing to develop coping strategies to manage their academic workload.  These include studying when children are at school or nursery, or in bed and restricting any non-university or non-child-related activities (Moreau and Kerner, 2015).  We’ve met parents of younger children who have even admitted to taking study notes along to soft play! Student-mothers admitted feeling guilty about trying to juggle motherhood and their studies; whereas Brooks (2015; 2012) found that student-fathers did not report feelings of guilt about being a student and a parent.

Since most universities are not set up to support students with dependents (Moreau, 2016), once on campus, we see student parents facing a myriad of challenges due to  HE structural and policy barriers (poor on-site childcare facilities; restrictive ‘no child on campus’ policies; late availability of timetables; lectures scheduled too early or too late (Osborne et al., 2004; Alsop et al. 2008; Brooks, 2012; Brooks, 2015; Moreau and Kerner, 2015; Moreau 2016).

Where Next?

Building on the work of Claire Evans (Cardiff Metropolitan University) on student parents during the pandemic (Evans, 2023 Forthcoming),  Hilary Drew[1], Damian Whittard[2], Mahwish Khan[3] and Lucy Venables[4] from UWE, together with Dr Evans[5] and Megan Williams[6] (Aberystwyth University) have gained ethical approval to find out more about students with dependents and are seeking funding to begin work on a project, entitled A Cross-Institutional Analysis of Student Parents’ Experience of Studying in Higher Education.

The overarching aim of the research is to examine parental provision at the three institutions, with the aim of encouraging our institutions to make student parents visible and to use their voices and experiences to inform policy and practice. Across the three institutions (Cardiff Metropolitan University, UWE and Aberystwyth University), we will focus on two key research questions:

To determine how being a student-parent affects engagement with the programme of study;

To determine what kind of initiatives help or hinder student-parents to pursue their HE goals.

Given the exploratory nature of the research questions, a qualitative approach will be adopted. To that end, a series of semi-structured interviews, lasting approximately 60 minutes, will be undertaken. In order to ensure that we can be as flexible as possible, and can fit into the participants’ already busy lives, these interviews will be performed on-line via Teams, telephone or in-person, according to the availability of the participants.  For more information about the study and how to participate, please see our Sway presentation and/or get in contact with Dr Hilary Drew hilary.drew@uwe.ac.uk .

References

Alsop, R., Gonzalez‐Arnal, S. and Kilkey, M. (2008). The widening participation agenda: The marginal place of care. Gender and Education, 20(6), pp.623-637.

Arday, J. (2017). Exploring black and minority ethnic (BME) doctoral students’ perceptions of an academic career. University and College Union.

Brooks, R. (2012). Student-parents and higher education: a cross-national comparison. Journal of Education Policy, 27(3), pp.423-439.

Brooks, R. (2015). Social and spatial disparities in emotional responses to education: feelings of ‘guilt’ among student‐parents. British Educational Research Journal, 41(3), pp.505-519.

Connell, R. (2013). Gender and power: Society, the person and sexual politics. John Wiley & Sons.

Evans, C. (2023) ‘Failing as a parent, failing as a student’: the challenges faced by student parents in the COVID-19 pandemic. Forthcoming.

Hodge, M. (2002) Examination of witness, question 263 (London, House of Commons Select Committee on Education & Skills).

Moreau, M. P., & Kerner, C. (2015). Care in academia: An exploration of student parents’ experiences. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 36(2), 215-233.

Moreau, M.P. (2016). Regulating the student body/ies: University policies and student parents. British Educational Research Journal, 42(5), pp.906-925.

Osborne, M., Marks, A. and Turner, E. (2004). Becoming a mature student: How adult applicants weigh the advantages and disadvantages of higher education. Higher education, 48, pp.291-315.

[1]  Hilary Drew gained her PhD from Cardiff University. She joined UWE in 2011 and is currently the Director of Partnerships and International at CBL.  She is a member of the HRWE and DRAGoN groups and her research interests are in low pay and student working.

[2] Damian Whittard is an Associate Professor in Economics at UWE, Programme Manager of the Wage and Employment Dynamics Project, and an Academic Assessor for the Government Economic Service. Additionally, he is a Research Fellow funded by ADR UK, an ESRC investment.

[3] Mahwish Khan has a PhD from UWE and she is the Associate Director of Organisation Studies cluster and a member of the HRWE Group. Her research interests include gender and employment, equality and diversity management and comparison of public and private sector employment practices. 

[4] Lucy Venables is the School Manager for Bristol Business School, UWE. She has over seven years’ experience working in student service roles in universities and is interested in using research to better understand and support the student experience.

[5] Before turning to academia, Dr Claire Evans qualified as a chartered accountant with PwC (Coopers & Lybrand Deloitte at the time) and worked in industry. Since working at Cardiff Metropolitan University, Claire’s research interests have focused gender, inequality and low-pay.

[6] Megan Williams, Aberystwyth University, is a qualified accountant (CIMA). She has taught in Higher Education for over 20 years, teaching financial and management accounting to UG and PG students.

Researching equality, diversity, and inclusion in Italy: why are transsexual individuals not included in the ‘equality debate’?

Author ripleywk | Posted on

Please note, this article discusses topics of suicide and discrimination and may be distressing or triggering for some. Links for support on topics that are discussed in this article can be found at the bottom of this page.

Sara Fanti

As an international PhD student researching pay gaps, gender, and sexual orientation in the context of my native country – Italy, I read a number of Italian newspaper articles to keep up with the latest business world news as well as current events in general. One article, in particular, caught my attention. This article left me baffled and in deep grief for my country, my community, and humanity: The suicide story of a transgender woman.

The story of Cloe Bianco

A single tree with a rope swing sits on a pink field with a baby blue sky, giving connotations of the trans pride flag.

Cloe Bianco was a high school teacher at the “Scarpa-Mattei” Agricultural School in San Donà di Piave (VE), Italy. In 2015 Cloe decided to ‘come out’ as a transgender woman to the school where she had worked for years. Specifically, to come out to her students, finally living her life as the person she had always felt she was “since she was 5 years old” (La Stampa, 2022). On the morning of 27th of November, Cloe walked into her classroom and introduced herself with her new name, asking her students to refer to her using the correct pronouns she/her. Unfortunately, Cloe’s courage to be herself did not sit well with some of the parents of her students, who promptly e-mailed the regional alderman for the Ministry of Education to complain about what had happened. This resulted in Cloe receiving a disciplinary sanction resulting in a three-day suspension, followed by a demotion to administrative roles in a back office of the school where she was permanently employed, and subsequentially any other schools in her Region (i.e. Veneto) where she tried to work as teacher (Open, 2022)[1].

On the 11th of June 2022, the remains of Cloe’s body were found in a torched campervan where she had been living in isolation for seven months. The investigation that followed uncovered a suicide letter left in her blog. The verdict: Cloe died of suicide at the age of 50, after she had been actively prevented from fulfilling her fundamental Constitutional right and duty to work (Art. 4 of the Italian Constitution).

Cloe’s story is just one of the many where active discrimination in the workplace undermines the lives of Italian LGBT+ people every single day. Whilst most western countries focus, more or less effectively; on developing inclusivity within the labour market, Italy falls far behind.

Even failing to legislate basic, protective laws against discrimination for gay, bisexual, transgender or non-binary people.

So, my question, as an extremely frustrated Italian academic is this.

Why, in Italy, is it so easy to ruin the life of somebody who works in the public sector by explicitly discriminating against them and get away with it?

To answer this question, it is first important to understand the influence of culture on the debate around gender vs. assigned-at-birth sex, and how this ultimately results in the lack of interest when including sexual and gender-based minorities in the equality, diversity, and inclusion debate.

Gender vs. Sex

The debate of gender and gender identities is not new in literature. Nonetheless, the definition of ‘What is gender’ is still very relevant and in a constant flux of redefinition and negotiation. A simple definition accepted by LGBT+ literature is that gender refers to the psychological sense of self, it relates to how someone deeply and truly feels on the inside and that this is based on their individual understanding of genders. Anatomical sex (or assigned-at-birth sex) is typically assigned at birth based on biological and physical characteristics such as chromosomes, hormones, genitals, body hair etc.

Queer theorists define gender as the result of power performances, negotiated within societies which are influenced by culture and the historical period (Foucault, 1981; Butler, 1990, 1993; Harding, 1998) It is performed in every moment and aspect of individuals’ lives throughout external appearance – gestures, language, clothes – prior to any choice of gender identity (Butler, 1990). Soon-to-be-parents are told what sex the baby will be, and while raising them, project their own socially learnt bias of gender. These include a series of norms on how to behave, how to dress, how to express emotions and, how to care for others, which differ depending on the assigned-at-birth sex.

The biological sex assigned at birth, plays a pivotal role in the societal expectations placed upon an individual. These expectations are dependent on whether they are born with female or male characteristics and can begin to form before they are even born. Gender identity however, develops within an individual’s sense of self and defines what an individual believe about themselves and who they are. Sometimes, this might not coincide with the anatomical or biological sex. Transgender, transsexual, gender-queer (GQ), gender-fluid, non-binary are all terms that are used to describe people whose gender identity does not align with their anatomical or biological sex (Stonewall, 2020).

“Gender identity develops within an individual’s sense of self and defines what an individual believe about themselves and who they are…”

Nevertheless, this definition of gender is often refused by institutions of conservative countries such as Italy, where an essentialist idea of sexuality is still very predominant. Within a gender essentialist paradigm every person is believed to be born with a male or female “essence” which is determined by the biological sex assigned at birth (Gagnon & Parker, 1995). Femininity and masculinity are, therefore, understood as a natural contraposition of sexes that is at the essence of sexuality regardless the culture and historical time, is defined by biology and chromosomes, and is carried within it a definite set of personality traits. The first gentle and maternal, and the other aggressive and strong (Segal, 1994).

Essentialist standpoints are often used to rationalise gender-based biases and heterosexist or transphobic discourses. For example, to justify the gender segregation of the labour market, gender pay gaps, and to withhold legislation in support of LGBT+ rights. Gender essentialists’ standpoints are clearly taken in the Italian political debate and supported by the Catholic Church which deeply influence political choices and welfare measures in Italy in a clientelist relationship.

When inclusivity is not even in the picture

A slate-grey city scape immersed in fog, displaying a foreboding scene

The first attempt to give a definition of gender as opposed to anatomical sex has been introduced in the proposal of the so-called DDL Zan (Disegno Di Legge, tr. Law Draft). Drafted in 2019, by Alessandro Zan, a member of the Chamber of Deputies and leading member of the gay association Arcigay. The DDL Zan (Senato della Repubblica, 2020) included a total of ten articles. Five of which suggest modifications to existent articles in the penal code giving aggravating circumstances for crimes against gay, bisexual, transexual, disabled people, and women. This law draft provides a definition for biological sex, gender, sexual orientation, and gender identity; it defines the line between the right to freely express an opinion as opposed to hate speech against sexual minorities and women; it proposes a national awareness day against homophobia, bi-phobia, and trans-phobia; and, finally, it proposes a strategy to collect hate crime data on a national scale and a plan to actively fight against homophobia, transphobia, and gender discrimination.

The opposition to this law was strongly supported by far-right parties – i.e., La Lega, Fratelli D’Italia (FdI), Il Popolo della Famiglia etc. – as well as the Catholic Church and pro-life associations. The main point of debate was precisely the Article 1 which provides a definition of gender and anatomical sex as two distinct concepts as outlined above. The opposition would have been willing to vote in approval of the law only if that definition was cancelled from the draft (La Repubblica, 2021). Terminating Article 1, however, would have further alienated trans people, excluding them from being protected against discrimination and transphobic crimes. Finally, without reaching an agreement, the drafted law was voted out by the Senate of the Republic in April 2021. A new discussion was scheduled in April 2022, but to date (June 2022) nothing has happened.

Conclusions

Cloe’s story is just one of many discrimination cases that end in tragedy. Gay Help Line, the main call centre helpline that provides phone support for LGBT+ people, reported in 2021 a steady increase of calls concerning discrimination such as: discrimination in accessing the labour market, or maintaining a job after coming out (35%); discrimination in accessing private (25%) or public services (22%) such as healthcare or housing; discrimination as customers (18%). It is also reported a 10% increase in calls concerning hate crimes against trans people, especially bullying, stalking, non-consensual sharing of private photos in the workplace (15%), aggressions and threats (19%). Also, 42% of cases concern family abuse, 59% of which are perpetuated by adult family members and 9% by partners; 21% of the cases concern violence perpetuated by strangers. 17% of all calls come from transgender or non-binary people. Gay Help Line also reported that very few people in the LGBT+ community report this type of crimes to the police.

The Italian Constitution proclaims equality and dignity amongst all citizens regardless of their personal or social condition (Art. 3). Sex and sexual orientation discrimination in the workplace and in the hiring, process is illegal under the Article 7 of the Legislative Decree no.165/2001; the Article 15 of Law no. 300/1970; and the Legislative Decree no. 216/2003. However, it appears clear that trans people are not included in the equality debate, and there is close to no interest in providing them the Constitutional right of equality and inclusion in society, let alone in the workplace.

Finally, the newly elected right-wing government, not only has purposely left out any reference to equality, diversity, and inclusion in their election campaign, but has also actively promoted legislations against adoption rights and surrogacy which have been contested by LGBT+ activists as discriminatory and homophobic (BBC, 2022) raising concerns for the future of equal and civil rights in Italy.

[1] To read an English version of the story, please see – https://jane-67706.medium.com/of-suicide-and-transphobia-1b077865b73f

Links for support

LGBT Foundation – Helpline and Email Support

Samaritans | Every life lost to suicide is a tragedy | Here to listen

Mindline Trans+ – Trans+ emotional support helpline

Citations

Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. London and New York: Routledge.

Butler, J. (1993). Bodies that matter: On the discursive limits of sex. New York, 38.

Foucault, M. (1981). The history of sexuality: An introduction, volume I. Trans. Robert Hurley. New York: Vintage.

Gagnon, J. H., & Parker, R. G. (1995). Conceiving sexuality. Conceiving sexuality: Approaches to sex research in a postmodern world, 3-16.

Gay Help Line. (2021). Report Gay Help Line. [online] Available at: https://gayhelpline.it/report-gay-help-line/.

Harding, J. (1998). Sex acts. Practices of Femininity and Masculinity, London.

L’Unione Sarda English. (2022). Coming out at school, then marginalization: the story of Cloe Bianco, the trans teacher who set herself on fire. [online] Available at: https://www.unionesarda.it/en/italy/coming-out-at-school-then-marginalization-the-story-of-cloe-bianco-the-trans-teacher-who-set-herself-on-fire-a7ttj2qu [Accessed 20 Jun. 2022].

La Repubblica, 2021. DDL Zan, cos’è e cosa prevede, articolo per articolo e il testo integrale. la Repubblica. Available at: https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2021/06/22/news/omofobia_legge_zan_ecco_che_cosa_prevede-307139790/ [Accessed March 15, 2022].

La Stampa. (2022). La storia di Cloe Bianco, la prof transgender che si è data fuoco nel suo camper: ‘Ora sono libera’. La scuola la sospese dopo il coming out. [online] Available at: https://www.lastampa.it/cronaca/2022/06/14/news/la_storia_di_cloe_bianco_la_prof_transgender_che_si_e_data_fuoco_nel_suo_camper_ora_sono_libera_la_scuola_la_sospese_do-5405846/ [Accessed 20 Jun. 2022].

Open. (2022). Dal coming out a scuola al suicidio, tutta la storia di Cloe Bianco: la prof di fisica uccisa dalla transfobia. [online] Available at: https://www.open.online/2022/06/15/cloe-bianco-transfobia-suicidio-storia/.

Segal, L. (1994). Straight sex: Rethinking the politics of pleasure. Univ of California Press.

Senato della Repubblica , 2020, Misure di prevenzione e contrasto della discriminazione e della violenza per motivi fondati sul sesso, sul genere, sull’orientamento sessuale, sull’identità di genere e sulla disabilità available at: https://www.senato.it/service/PDF/PDFServer/DF/356433.pdf

Senato della repubblica, n.a., Constitution of the Italian Republic retrieved from https://www.senato.it/documenti/repository/istituzione/costituzione_inglese.pdf

Stonewall (2020). List of LGBTQ+ Terms. [online] Stonewall. Available at: https://www.stonewall.org.uk/help-advice/faqs-and-glossary/list-lgbtq-terms.

Kirby, P. (2022) Who is Giorgia Meloni? the rise to power of Italy’s new far-right PM, BBC News. BBC. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-63351655

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The Challenges to Achieving Gender Balance in the Pilot Trainer Role

Author jyotishaw | Posted on

As of January 2020, there were 185,143 airline pilots in the world, of which 9,746 were women (5.26%) and 2,630 were captains (1.42%) (IFALPA 2021). Even more concerning are the shocking figures taken from the Type Rating Examiner (TRE) list currently held at the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA, 2022) that estimate that in the UK female TREs make up approximately 0.9% of all UK registered trainers/examiners.

This is of concern as pilot training is the first point of contact for new entrants into aviation, and it is also the only department that has regular contact with pilots throughout their careers. Trainers have the power to shape pilots’ experiences and are pivotal if the industry is to become more diverse and inclusive. Investigating why training departments are still dominated by white male trainers means that we can start to challenge the perception that the pilot trainer role is the preserve of male pilots.

Several high-profile Initiatives to highlight the pilot career to women have been instrumental in changing public perceptions, including, “Amy Johnson”, “Flyshe”, and “Cabin to Captain” initiatives which were launched in the airline environment and although specifically aimed at attracting women pilots, also gave opportunities to male pilots. However, there are no such initiatives to encourage and support women into the pilot trainer role, which is yet another senior role where women are under-represented. Since the start of the pandemic, further valuable initiatives have brought pilots together (e.g., the alta Mentoring Platform, Project Wingman, Resilient Pilot) enabling greater communication within the pilot community and, in turn, a better understanding of the challenges  that minority group pilots may face in the industry.

The Project

A recent study (March, 2020) was commissioned by the Flight Crew Training Group (FCTG) at the Royal Aeronautical Society (RAeS) to understand why women are so poorly represented in the pilot trainer role. A report of the findings was published on 7th March, 2022 and can be found at: https://www.aerosociety.com/media/17924/pilot_training_report_march_2022-final-pdf.pdf). The study, funded by the Higher Education Innovation Fund (HEIF) was led by Professor Susan Durbin and Stella Warren, University of the West of England, who worked with Captain Marnie Munns (Deputy Head of Diversity and Inclusion, FCTG/RAeS) and Cary Edwards (Head of Diversity and Inclusion, FCTG/RAeS). Training departments are key to the growth and recovery of the airline industry and are essential to the cultural change that needs to occur to make the industry more inclusive. In order to understand and achieve this goal we needed to address one major question: why are most training departments so male dominated? Ensuring that training departments are able to utilise all of the available talent, keep up with modern training practices, technology and most importantly, stay connected with new entrant pilots, is essential.

This gender comparative, global study draws upon a survey (just over 700 responses) 750 testimonials and four focus groups, with male and female pilots, newly qualified and trainee pilots and pilot trainers. The aim was to understand the pathways into becoming a pilot and pilot trainer and opportunities for progression. This focus upon individuals (we did not include the airlines and training schools) gave participants the opportunity to be heard, whilst retaining anonymity. Some issues raised in the report need urgent attention and are similar in nature to findings from other industries, including sport and public services.

The study revealed four key areas of concern which will be explored in more depth in a series of future blogs, over the course of the next two months but are briefly outlined below.  Each blog will focus on one of the areas and will include key recommendations for action by the airline industry and training organisations to address these challenges.

What are the barriers to the pilot trainer role?

Sexism, sexual harassment and the presence of the ‘old boys’ network’ especially during initial pilot training

This was reported by the majority of women who contributed testimonials. Worryingly, this predominantly goes unreported due to the lack of safe reporting processes in place and a fear of being labelled ‘difficult’. Some men also expressed dissatisfaction with their initial pilot training, due to the cost of training, the poor quality of some of the trainers and for some, being excluded from the ‘old boys’ network’ and ‘macho culture’. Training is a time when the “cockpit gradient,” whether during a flight or metaphorically in the classroom, is at its greatest: trainers are powerful, and trainees are vulnerable. If women (and some men) are experiencing their own pilot training so negatively, will this encourage them to become trainers themselves or deter them from this role?

The unwillingness of airlines and training organisations to offer the pilot trainer role on a part-time basis

The majority of airlines and training organisations do not offer the pilot trainer role on a part-time basis and in some cases, do not allow part-time pilots to apply. This ‘full-time rule’ stands in direct contradiction to the opinions of the majority of pilots and pilot trainers who took part in the research. Ironically, many are currently performing their roles on a part-time basis due to the pandemic, but will training departments stop and evaluate the benefits that part-time working can bring to themselves and those performing the roles?  Offering the role part-time and allowing part-time pilots to apply would mean more women could apply and would open up the talent pool for training departments and benefit the trainees who make such a huge investment to become pilots.

A lack of transparency in the recruitment and selection process

While promotion to command (captain) is generally well understood by most pilots and there are well known career paths to achieve this senior front-line role, recruitment for training positions becomes vague and is influenced by senior management. There is no official career path to the pilot trainer role and it is overtly gendered.  There is a minimum requirement of 1501 hours total flying time to satisfy the regulator but no formal HR processes required. Recruitment is often conducted by internal staff (who are overwhelmingly male) with varying company-specific processes. This lack of transparency in recruitment and selection is holding women back.

A lack of role models and mentor support for women

Due to the lack of female pilot trainers, there are very few role models available, and this was an issue identified by many in the study. The presence of more role models and mentors would also tackle the problem that women were less likely than men to receive support when applying for training, were less likely to be made aware of their opportunities early in their careers and overall were given less encouragement from training departments to apply compared to their male counterparts. Women felt they would be more likely to apply if they were encouraged and supported to do so, could see visible role models and could understand what the training role involves. Men benefited from informal and formal support from training departments, peers and managers. Importantly, having a mentor would go some way in supporting women who are/have experienced sexism and sexual harassment and those who wish to apply for a pilot trainer role.

We believe that both cultural and policy change is needed in the industry if this gender imbalance is going to be addressed. We look forward to engaging with you again through our series of blogs. If you are interested in this research and would like to know more, please contact: sue.durbin@uwe.ac.uk

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